Habits Essay

HABIT 1: BE PROACTIVE In my own personal life I can apply this particular habit by seeing see the good side of things such as my family and how we are in society.   I should not base my happiness on what surrounds me; rather, I should seek my own happiness from within myself.   I should not let my family get in the way of my own happiness.   As a teacher I have to know that there are things that I can do on my own to make the learning experience more enjoyable.   I have to seek things I can do for my students on my own. HABIT 2: BEGIN WITH THE END IN MIND I have to focus and seek what I want for myself; however, I have to consider that what I want should be based on my individual personality.   I always wanted to be a teacher and I can say that I am now where I envisioned myself to be.   I have to set realistic goals.   In my professional life, I have to act and work according to the goals I have set and when and if I do reach these goals, I have to set brand new goals to pursue. HABIT 3: PUT FIRST THINGS FIRST I am sure that at this point I will have set what is important for me.  Ã‚   I believe that I should always have to come first, followed by my family, then my friends, and all the others coming after.   I prioritize myself to be able to give to others – I have to love myself first to be able to give love.   Being a teacher, my first priority are my students and what I can teach them, all the rest are secondary to this important priority. HABIT 4: THINK WIN-WIN I want my family to enjoy the same things that I enjoy.   What I have, I also want those who are important to me to have, so I have to be decisive and courageous in seeking these things.   In the same manner, I want my students to be as empowered as I am as a teacher, so to enjoy this mutual benefit, I have to remain vigilant in defending their rights and their capacities. HABIT 5: SEEK FIRST TO UNDERSTAND, THEN TO BE UNDERSTOOD I should not act like I know everything.   I should try to consider others as a means of enriching myself.   If I want other people to appreciate me and consider me for what I am I should be sensitive and responsive to others.   I consider my students sources of learning in as much as they consider me a source of their knowledge.   This way, the chain of understanding remains open in both ways. HABIT 6: SYNERGIZE Since I value my family and friends I should consider them in everything especially in things I want to achieve.   I have to allow them to work with me and allow myself to work with them for a more holistic approach in everything I do.   Problems are solved easier with many contributing to the solution and so I must not shut out my students from problems that we normally come across with in education.   I have to accept the fact that as a teacher there are problems that are better solved with my students contributing to the solution. HABIT 7: SHARPEN THE SAW I personally know that I am athletic, emotionally open, socially considerate, and spiritually decided.   I have to focus on these four strengths of mine so that I do not remain static and continue and consistently improve in general.   Teaching requires that I focus on what I am good at and build on this.   I am very good with children and can simplify complicated information quite effectively.   I believe that I should hone my skills in these areas to become a more effective teacher.

Ibuprofen and Acetaminophen Essay

Organic chemical compounds contain a vast number of isomers, molecules with the same molecular formula but different atomic arrangement, of which there are three types: structural, geometric and optical. The most closely-linked of isomers are optical isomers, which differ only by the three-dimensional placement of the molecule’s attachments, which renders its mirror images to be non-superimposable. The presence of optical isomerism within a molecule is determined by the existence of a chiral centre—a carbon atom with four different groups (see Appendix, figure 1). Pure optical isomers have identical physical properties such as melting point, boiling point and density, as well as identical chemical properties; thus there are only two ways that they can be distinguished: their interaction with other chiral substances and their interaction with plane polarized light. An enantiomer (one out of a pair of optical isomers) rotates plane polarized light in the opposite direction of which the other enantiomer rotates the plane polarized light, of equal magnitude (see Appendix A, figure 2). An enantiomer that shifts plane polarized light to the left is given the prefix â€Å"L† (levorotatory) or â€Å"S†, while an enantiomer that shifts plane polarized light to the right is given the prefix â€Å"D† (dextrorotatory) or â€Å"R†. Despite their physical and chemical similarities, optical isomers are known to have substantially different behaviours within the human body. This is due to the fact that enzymes and receptors in the body are stereospecific, meaning that they can interact with one enantiomer of certain molecules and not the other. For instance, the human body can only break down D-glucose (dextrose) for energy but not L-glucose, and can only utilize L-amino acids rather than D-amino acids. While one form of a stereoisomer may be beneficial, the other may be ineffective or even harmful, in some cases. Thus, it is crucial that optical isomerism is taken into account during medicinal drug development and usage. For example, the sedative thalidomide was available in Europe in the 1960s for purposes of alleviating morning sickness in pregnant women. However, the drug was sold as a racemic mixture, which contains equal portions of both enantiomers (this would not shift plane polarized light as the two enantiomers shift in different directions),  and while R-thalidomide (see Appendix A, figure 3) works effectively as a sedative; S-thalidomide can cause genetic damage leading to mutation of the fetus. Consequently, 12 000 infants were born worldwide with malformation of the limbs. To further illustrate the importance of optical isomers in drug action, the drug ibuprofen can be explored. Ibuprofen is a drug used for anti-inflammatory purposes such as pain relief, fever and swelling reduction, and is classified as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Derived from propanoic acid in the 1960s by a pharmacy chain called Boot’s UK Limited, ibuprofen was initially launched as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, and was awarded the Queen’s Award for Technical Achievement in 1987. It is currently available under a variety of trademarks such as Advil, Motrin, Nurofen, and Brufen, among others. Ibuprofen works by inhibiting the enzymatic action of cyclooxygenase (COX1 and COX2) within the body, which catalyzes the conversion of a compound called arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are locally-acting hormones that cause swelling, heat, loss of function, fever and pain, collectively known as inflammation, at a site of injury through the accumulation of white blood cells. Through inhibiting this reaction, painful symptoms can be reduced or eliminated. The IUPAC name for ibuprofen is 2-(4-(2-methylpropyl) phenyl) propanoic acid. It is a carboxylic acid which also contains a phenyl group (see Appendix A, figure 5). Due to its chirality, ibuprofen has two enantiomers (see Appendix A, figure 6): S-ibuprofen, which rotates plane polarized light to the left and is pharmacologically active, and R-ibuprofen, which rotates plane polarized light to the right and has no anti-inflammatory effect (and is thus inactive as a drug, since . However, ibuprofen is sold on the market as a racemic mixture. Thus, a dose of ibuprofen contains only 50% of the active enantiomer, S-ibuprofen. Nevertheless, R-ibuprofen undergoes species-specific chiral inversion within the body, in which approximately 60% of R-ibuprofen is converted into S-ibuprofen. The mechanism of the inversion is through an enzyme, alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) that is present in the liver, the kidney and gastrointestinal tract. A  substitution nucleophilic bimolecular (SN2) r eaction must take place (see Appendix B, figure 1), which results in the complete conversion of every molecule of one enantiomer to the other. In this case, only R-ibuprofen is converted into S-ibuprofen (see Appendix B, figure 2). The benefits associated with ibuprofen use include its efficiency as a NSAID in decreasing inflammation, in addition to be non-addictive and affordable. However, ibuprofen often causes stomach irritation, and can impede concentration and cause drowsiness. It may also result in a variety of adverse side effects (see Appendix C, figure 1). An alternative to ibuprofen is the drug acetaminophen, also known as paracetamol. Acetaminophen, (see Appendix A, figure 7), is commercially available under brand names such as Tylenol and Anacin (see Appendix A, figure 8). It works by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins. It does not, however, have any anti-inflammatory action and thus only targets tissue of the nervous system—easing pain without being directed towards the root of the problem. Acetaminophen is known to cause fewer side effects than ibuprofen; however for a list of side effects, see Appendix C, figure 2. Acetaminophen does not have a chiral centre, and therefore does not have any optical isomers. Both drugs are used to relieve headache pains and fever; however their varying properties impact their function and effectiveness in treating specific symptoms. The solubility of ibuprofen in water is 0.0002M. Although its carboxyl functional group is highly polar, the large non-polar component greatly decreases its overall polarity. As â€Å"like dissolves like†, ibuprofen does not dissolve well in water, which is polar. To solve this problem, ibuprofen is reacted with the amino acid lysine (see Appendix A, figure 9), which together forms the salt ibuprofen lysinate. Ibuprofen is then released into the bloodstream in which the reaction can reverse. On the other hand, acetaminophen is highly soluble in water; with a solubility of 0.091M. Because it contains an amide and an alcohol, there is a substantial degree of hydrogen bonding resulting in high polarity (see Appendix A, figure 10). This allows the drug to be absorbed into the bloodstream effectively. Ibuprofen has a pKa (acid dissociation constant) of approximately 4.43, while the pKa of acetaminophen is 9.51 and 25 °C, making ibuprofen more acidic. Because neutral substances pass through bodily membranes more easily, acetaminophen is more easily absorbed. Acetaminophen also has more acid stability. Administered orally, an ibuprofen capsule has an enteric coating, which prevents stomach acid from breaking down the drug before it reaches the small intestine, where it is absorbed. A film coating is used on a tablet of acetaminophen, which protects the tongue from the contents, as well as protecting the contents from moisture and light. Within the body, the film can be broken down by saliva or stomach acid, and the way in which the drug is absorbed is not affected. Appendix A: Images Figure 1: Molecule with a chiral centreFigure 2: Plane polarized light beamed through a filter. The two enantiomers shift light in opposite directions. Figure 1: Type of isomer vs. molecule melting and boiling point Type of Isomers Molecules Melting Point and Boiling Point Structural Isomers butane 2-methylpropane MP: -140 °C BP: -1 ° C MP: -159.6 °C BP: -11.7  °C Geometric Isomers cis-butene trans-butene MP: -138.9  °C BP: 3.7  ºC MP: -105.5  °C BP: 0.9  °C Optical Isomers L-2-butanol D-2-butanol MP: -115  °C BP: 98-100  °C MP: -115  °C BP: 98-100  °C Figure 3: The two optical isomers of thalidomide. R-thalidomide works effectively as a sedative, while S-thalidomide can damage the fetus. Figure 5: Skeletal diagram of ibuprofen, with the functional group labeled Appendix A (cont’d): Images Figure 6: Optical isomers of ibuprofen; S-ibuprofen is on the left and R-ibuprofen is on the right Figure 7: Skeletal diagram of acetaminophen, with the functional groups labeled Figure 9: Skeletal diagram of the amino acid lysine, which is reacted with ibuprofen in order to allow it to ultimately dissolve into the bloodstream Figure 10: Polarity of ibuprofen vs. acetaminophen Appendix B: Reactions Figure 1: The process of a substitution nucleophilic bimolecular (SN2) reaction Figure 2: â€Å"The mechanism of the enzymatic [chiral] inversion of R-ibuprofen (42) into S-ibuprofen. At first, the carboxylic acid is converted into an intermediate thioester (43a) by acyl-CoA ligase†¦ [This] is then converted to the opposite configuration by an epimerase, and the resultant thioester (43b) is hydrolyzed by a hydrolase, releasing S-ibuprofen.† Appendix C: Tables Figure 1: Side effects of ibuprofen Mild side effects include: upset stomach, mild heartburn, diarrhea, constipation; bloating, gas; dizziness, headache, nervousness; skin itching or rash; blurred vision Serious side effects include: chest pain, weakness, shortness of breath, slurred speech, problems with vision or balance; black, bloody, or tarry stools, coughing up blood or vomit that looks like coffee grounds; swelling or rapid weight gain; urinating less than usual or not at all; nausea, upper stomach pain, itching, loss of appetite, dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes); fever, sore throat, and headache with a severe blistering, peeling, and red skin rash; bruising, severe tingling, numbness, pain, muscle weakness; or severe headache, neck stiffness, chills, increased sensitivity to light, and/or seizure (convulsions). Figure 2: Side effects of acetaminophen Mild side effects include: drowsiness Serious side effects include: low fever with nausea, stomach pain, and loss of appetite; dark urine, clay-colored stools; or jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes) liver failure (with overdose) Bibliography CHAPTER 5: RULES FOR SPECIFICATION OF CHIRALITY. (n.d.). University of Illinois at Chicago-Chemistry. Retrieved October 8, 2013, from tigger.uic.edu/~kbruzik/text/chapter5.htm This source is credible because it is a university website. Chemistry in your cupboard | Nurofen . (n.d.). Royal Society of Chemistry | Advancing excellence in the chemical sciences. Retrieved October 10, 2013, from http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/resources/chemistry-in-your-cupboard/nurofen/3 This source is credible because it is a reputable educational society in Britain. Clancy, C., Farrow, K., Finkle, T., & Francis, L. (2002). McGraw-Hill Ryerson chemistry 12. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. This is credible because it is a textbook used in class. Cohen, J. S. (2007, December 4). The Little-Known Dangers of Acetaminophen.Life Extension. Retrieved October 10, 2013, from http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag2007/dec2007_report_acetaminophen_02.htm This is credible because it is health journal from a reputable organization. Ibuprofen. (2013, July 18). Livertox: Clinical and Research Information. Retrieved October 10, 2013, from http://livertox.nih.gov/Ibuprofen.htm This is credible because it is from the United States government. Open Notebook Science. (2013, October 10). Solubility of ibuprofen in organic solvents. Retrieved October 8, 2013, from http://lxsrv7.oru.edu/~alang/onsc/solubility/allsolvents.php?solute=ibuprofen This is credible because it is an educational institution. 1C – http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/02/briefing/3882b2_06_international%20ibuprofen%20foundation.htm 2C – http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag2007/dec2007_report_acetaminophen_02.htm http://books.google.ca/books?id=9xYuQKZSDkIC&pg=PA205&lpg=PA205&dq=how+is+r-ibuprofen+converted+into+s-ibuprofen&source=bl&ots=D4iuQfKoyT&sig=WS9y5uMJa0Hr68Og5FhkJr73OfQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WcZVUoqJDpCi4APKyoDoBg&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=how%20is%20r-ibuprofen%20converted%20into%20s-ibuprofen&f=false 2B – http://books.google.ca/books?id=Zgx13oMZaYUC&pg=PA363&lpg=PA363&dq=how+is+r-ibuprofen+converted+into+s-ibuprofen&source=bl&ots=sWD8D0j8HI&sig=L_5r42H68KotX

Confirmation: Early Christian Community Essay

For people in the Early Christian Community who wanted to commit themselves as followers of Christ they first needed to receive the sacraments of initiation. Initiation into the Church took place in a single ceremony, which normally unfolded during the Easter Vigil service. In the early church, the three Sacraments of initiation—Baptism, Confirmation, and Eucharist—were celebrated in the same ceremony by adult converts. Although there was no clear emergence of Confirmation as a separate sacrament until after the third century, the elements of the Sacrament of Confirmation can be recognized in the Sacrament of Baptism in the early writing of the bible. After a long period of instruction that sometimes lasted as long as three years, each person was baptized, confirmed and also received the Eucharist. They were then brought before the Bishop where he laid his hands on each of their heads and prayed that they might receive the gift of the Holy Spirit and become responsible Christians living through Christ to fulfill his life long mission. At some point in the early Christian Community, the sacraments of initiation, baptism and confirmation, became primarily a sacrament for infants. Their baptism would allow them to become a member of the church and then confirmation would happen right after this, which was when the bishop would confirm or acknowledge this commitment. Eventually, however in the early 1900’s confirmation became a sacrament associated not with infants but with older youths. Where each child can consciously make the decision to strengthen the bond with god and accept the reasonability to the church and to others as well.

Coca cola amatil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Coca cola amatil - Essay Example Therefore, with the new structure, decision making and other management issues the take the form of decentralization. The structure is presented in the chart below: Communication at Coca Cola Amatil takes a top down approach, which involves issuance of information in a hierarchical structure. In this structure, the highest-ranking officials issue commands, which are then transferred through the hierarchy and the managerial structure to the people on the downer level. Information is mostly transferred through board meetings that bring together executives from various departments. These executives then pass on the message of communication to the people under their departments. This can happen through supervisors or directly through departmental meetings. Top-down approach ensures that the employees are informed always of the happenings in the organization. The following is chart demonstrating the top-down

Age of Earth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Age of Earth - Essay Example One of these planets, the Earth, used to be a scorching molten rock that cooled into dry land for 70,000 years – the period indicating how old the Earth was at the time Buffon made the study. On the other hand, Irish Archbishop James Ussher of the 17th century believed that the dates in the Bible are significantly reliable in determining how long the Earth has existed since creation. According to him, secular dates are able to project a trustworthy chronological structure of history where through the Bible, with specific reference to the death of King Nebuchadnezzar, he managed to estimate that the Earth was created on the 23rd of October, 4004 BC. For William Thomson, a British scientist widely known as Lord Kelvin, laws of thermodynamics govern the determination of the birth of the living planet. In particular, he necessitated the application of Fourier’s theory to calculate a date when the Earth, initially in its molten state (7000 Â °F), underwent cooling via conduction and radiation. Upon solving the Fourier’s equation, Thomson discovered the possibility that it could have taken the Earth about 24-40 million years to form as the extreme level of temperature evened out in the process. By the time John Joly proposed the revolutionary sodium method of approximating the Earth’s life during the late 19th century, he conducted a mathematical analysis of the rate at which salt is delivered to the ocean waters. This involved finding the concentrations of salt (by mass) in all oceans from which Joly conveyed the notion that the sum of these concentrations (in grams) divided by the average rate of salt flow (in grams / year) into the ocean equals the total age of the oceans combined which then serves as the basis for the age of the Earth. The technique with sodium enabled Joly to conclude that the Earth is approximately 90 – 100 million years old. A more modern approach in the field of chemistry was employed by the

Trade Pattern between developed(the U.S.) and developing(South Korea) Term Paper

Trade Pattern between developed(the U.S.) and developing(South Korea) countries - Term Paper Example Even though the U. S has a trade discrepancy with South Korea, it has had a reliable trade surplus of approximately $2 billion to $3 billion in agricultural goods (Carbaugh 213)1. South Korea is the tenth greatest economy in the globe, with a yearly annual GDP fast approaching one trillion US dollars (Todaro 314)2. While it was the seventh biggest export market for the US in 2004, U. S was South Korea’s third largest trading partner and the second largest export market in 2005. In addition, South Korea is the fifth biggest market for the U.S agricultural export and the United States provides more than one fifth of South Korea’s agricultural imports. This paper looks at the characteristics of the United States-South Korea bilateral trade and offers an overview of the tariff reduction as well as elimination schedules of the two countries (Eckes 311)3. Characteristics The main mode of the US-South Korea mutual trade has moved from inter-industry trade to intra-industry tra de. Specifically, the trade model was inter–industry trade on the foundation of divergence in resource donations before 1994. The US exported intensive and natural resource-founded industry goods and technology, as well as capital-concentrated products to South Korea and imported labor-concentrated goods from that nation (Buckley et al. 341)4. Nevertheless, intra-industry trade between the two nations has increased notably in the high technology product sector since 1995. A key rise in trade of high-technology goods between the two nations shows the surge in bilateral intra-industry trade founded on good differentiation. The two nations have also raised their bilateral trade in differentiation mid-technology goods. Comparisons between trade volume and trade surpluses, by sector, can offer insight on bilateral trade patterns between the two nations. In this paper, US-Korea bilateral trade is looked at in six sectors. Agriculture and food, natural resource based industries, tex tiles, mid technology goods, high-technology goods among others. The sectors are determined on the basis of standard international trade classification two-digit code. The agric-food sector includes primary agricultural goods and processed food (Lo?pez 648)5. The natural sector comprises of gas, coal, wood and petroleum products among others. The mid section comprises of fertilizers, chemical materials, non-ferrous metals as well as furniture. The high-tech section has machinery, scientific instruments and transport instruments. The others comprise of the transaction services. The US has trade surpluses and South Korea is in the food and agriculture sector, and until lately, the natural resource-based industries. The US has a trade deficit and South Korea in the high technology section, which has grown with time. The US also has a trade shortage with South Korea in the textile section; however this deficit has declined with time. Indeed, both US imports and exports of textile produc ts have declined ever since 1990, owing to the third country impact in the market. Since other nations like Thailand, China, Indonesia, as well as Latin American nations have become very competitive in the manufacture of textile products, both the US and South Korea have raised their imports of these commodities from these nations. For the middle-technology section,

Applying Mathematical Concepts to Business Administration Essay

Applying Mathematical Concepts to Business Administration - Essay Example Despite this, many students still fail to realize just how important mathematics can be in their chosen profession. Other students mistakenly believe that the extent to which mathematics will play a role in their profession will be a minor role. In truth, mathematics is used daily in a variety of professional fields including business administration, and can often play a role in problem resolution. Some business related problems that can be solved with mathematics are payroll discrepancies and funding needs. Business Administration entails a multitude of tasks and responsibilities. Many of these components can become problematic if proper mathematics is not applied. For example, a business owner or manager may, at times, be held responsible for pay roll, accounts payables, accounts receivables, determining advertising or marketing needs, and writing various proposals. Although business owners can and often do hire help to perform these many functions, understanding the concepts will ensure that the business owner can accurately monitor the progress and effectiveness of his or her employees or contracted associates. Owning a business can present a variety of problems, including conflict resolution, competition, and establishing a loyal customer base. Some of these problems cannot be solved by the use of mathematics. However, several other problems can arise that will require a solid knowledge of mathematics and an understanding of how to apply mathematical skills: Having [at least] an introduction to these topics will provide you with the basics needed for initial analysis of financial situations in your business. This information is critical to successfully managing the financial aspects of your business (Jones International University 1). Although it may appear trite to first reference financial aspects of an organization as a source of potential problems faced by business administrators and owners, the problems that can stem out of a business's financial matters can be immense. If these problems are handled improperly, they could prove to be fatal for the business. One such problem is with proper payroll accounting. Payroll embodies the life-blood of a company's employees, contracted employees, and management staff. Put simply, payroll is the monetary compensation such employees receive in exchange for their work and services provided to the company or on the behalf of the company. The most common problem that can occur with payroll is inadequate tracking of hourly employees (Corpus Christi Caller 1). Hourly employees, or those employees who receive compensation based on the number of hours they work during a specific amount of time, can make mistakes regarding their time tracking. Additionally, managers can make mistakes when calculating the wage amount for an employee for one specific pay-period. When a mistake is found, several mathematics concepts will come into play to find the mistake and work to resolve the issue. First, to find the exact mistake, the manager's first step will be to recalculate the wages based on the employees hourly pay-rate and the number of hours that employee has reported working. Doing this will require a basic mathematical concept; simply multiply the number of hours worked by the employee's hourly wage amount and round the product up or down to the nearest 100th. Should this answer not match the amount shown on the check, then the problem can be resolved by issuing a new check for the amount of the difference. However, if this new product does match the amount