Obesity and Addiction: Theories and Concepts

Obesity and Addiction Theories and ConceptsAs a want-to-be conscious eater and as an separate susceptible to diabetes through a prevalent family history, I was intrigued by the article wherefore One Cream Cake Leads To Another published in The Scientist. It caught my gist to learn that maybe there was a scientific reason behind my cravings of Starkbucks Frappucinos and Insomnias Smores Deluxe cookies and maybe there is a valid and researched account as to why, when be of consuming these particular treats, even when full, is it like a bitter sweet ending? Is this a minor case of a food craving? Is there some biochemical reason as to why cardinal feels they must have much and must have it often? Can it be lack of discipline to keep these things a reoccurring part of my diet even when attempting to make my eating habits cleaner and more nutritious?Why One Cream Cake Leads To Another, begins to answer these questions. A chronic lavishly-fat diet is thought to desensitize the out look to the feeling of satisfaction that one normally gets from a meal, causing a person to overeat in order to achieve the same high again. Newer research however, suggests that this desensitization actually begins in the gut itself, where takings of a satiety factor, which normally tells the brain to stop eating, becomes dialed down by the repeated intake of high-fat food. High-fat foods produce an endorphin response in the brain when they hit the thwack buds the gut likewise sends signals directly to the brain to control our feed behavior.Mice nourished via gastric feeding tubes, which bypass the mouth, exhibit a surge in dopaminea neurotransmitter promoting reinforcement in the brains reward circuitrysimilar to that experienced by those eating normally. This dopamine surge occurs in response to feeding in two mice and humans. But evidence suggests that dopamine signaling in the brain is deficient in obese people. Ivan de Araujo, a professor of psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine, has now discovered that obese mice on a chronic high-fat diet also have a muted dopamine response when receiving suety food via a direct tube to their stomachs.To determine the nature of the dopamine-regulating signal emanating from the gut, Araujo and his team searched for possible backdidates. When you look at animals chronically exposed to high-fat foods, you see high levels of almost every circulating factorleptin, insulin, triglycerides, glucose, et cetera, he said. But one class of signaling molecule is suppressed. Of these, Araujos primary candidate was oleoylethanolamide(OEA), food-intake modulators . Not hardly is the factor produced by intestinal cells in response to food, he said, but during chronic high-fat exposure, the suppression levels seemed to somehow match the suppression that we saw in dopamine release.It is not clear why a chronic high-fat diet suppresses the production of oleoylethanolamide. But once the vicious cycle starts, it is hard to break because the brain is receiving its nurture subconsciously, said Daniele Piomelli, a professor at the University of California, Irvine, and director of drug discovery and victimization at the Italian Institute of Technology in Genoa. We eat what we like, and we cogitate we are conscious of what we like, but I think what others are indicating is that there is a deeper, darker side to likinga side that were not awake of, Piomelli said. Because it is an innate drive, you cannot control it. Put another way, even if you could trick your taste buds into enjoying low-fat yogurt, youre unlikely to trick your gut.So if eating has much to do with biochemical and people dealing with corpulency have a lack thereof, at what point is one addicted to food? Tuomisto, T Hetherington, Mm Morris, Mf Tuomisto, Mt Turjanmaa, V Lappalainen, R. (1999) fill was to examine similar affective, physiological, and behavioral variables in chocolate addicts and control subjects. Method Sixteen addicts and 1 5 control subjects took part in both laboratory experiments in which their heart rate, salivation, and self-reported responses were measured. Results In the presence of external chocolate cues, chocolate addicts were more aroused, reported greater cravings, experienced more negative affect, and also ate more chocolate than control subjects. Self-report measures on eating attitudes and behavior, body image, and depression confirmed that a relationship exists between chocolate addiction and difficulty eating. Chocolate addicts showed more aberrant eating behaviors and attitudes than controls, and were also significantly more depressed. Discussion Chocolate addicts may be considered to be a parallel with addicts generally, because they protest from controls in craving for chocolate, eating behavior, and psychopathology (in respect of eating and affect).According to Corwin and Grigson (2009), food addiction is a pervasive, yet controversial, topic that has gained recent attention in both lay media and the scientific literature. The goal of this series of articles is to use a combination of preclinical and clinical data to determine whether foods, like drugs of abuse, can be addictive, the conditions under which the addiction develops, and the underlying neurophysiological substrates. Operational definitions of addiction that have been used in the treatment of human disorders and to guide research in both humans and animals are presented, and an overview of the symposium articles is provided. We propose that specific foods, especially those that are rich in fat and/or sugar, are capable of promoting addiction-like behavior and nervous change under certain conditions. That is, these foods, although highly palatable, are not addictive per se but become so following a restriction/ snag pattern of consumption. Such consummatory patterns have been associated with increased risk for comorbid conditions such as obesity, early weight gain, depression, anxiety, and subs tance abuse as well as with dawdle and treatment challenges. The topic of food addiction bears study, therefore, to develop fresh approaches to clinical intervention and to affirm our understanding of basic mechanisms involved in loss of control.Ifland JR1, Preuss HG, Marcus MT, Rourke KM, Taylor WC, Burau K, Jacobs WS, Kadish W, Manso G. (2009), study found the following Overeating in industrial societies is a significant problem, relate to an increasing incidence of overweight and obesity, and the payoffant adverse health consequences. We advance the hypothesis that a possible explanation for overeating is that processed foods with high concentrations of sugar and other refined sweeteners, refined carbohydrates, fat, salt, and caffeine are addictive substances. Therefore, many another(prenominal) people lose control over their ability to regulate their consumption of such foods. The loss of control over these foods could account for the global epidemic of obesity and other me tabolic disorders. We assert that overeating can be described as an addiction to refined foods that conforms to the DSM-IV criteria for substance use disorders. To examine the hypothesis, we relied on experience with self-identified refined foods addicts, as well as critical reading of the literature on obesity, eating behavior, and drug addiction. Reports by self-identified food addicts illustrate behaviors that conform to the 7 DSM-IV criteria for substance use disorders. The literature also supports use of the DSM-IV criteria to describe overeating as a substance use disorder. The observational and empirical data intone the hypothesis that certain refined food consumption behaviors meet the criteria for substance use disorders, not unlike tobacco and alcohol. This hypothesis could lead to a mod diagnostic category, as well as therapeutic approaches to changing overeating behaviors.In drug addiction, the transition from casual drug use to dependence has been linked to a shift aw ay from positive reinforcement and toward negative reinforcement. That is, drugs ultimately are relied on to prevent or relieve negative states that otherwise result from abstinence (e.g., withdrawal) or from adverse environmental circumstances (e.g., stress). Recent work has suggested that this dark side shift also is a key in the development of food addiction. Initially, palatable food consumption has both positively reinforcing, pleasurable effects and negatively reinforcing, comforting effects that can acutely normalize existence responses to stress. Repeated, intermittent intake of palatable food may instead amplify brain stress circuitry and downregulate brain reward pathways such that continued intake becomes compulsory to prevent negative emotional states via negative reinforcement. Stress, anxiety and depressed mood have shown high comorbidity with and the potential to trigger bouts of addiction-like eating behavior in humans. fauna models indicate that repeated, intermi ttent access to palatable foods can lead to emotional and somatic signs of withdrawal when the food is no longer available, tolerance and dampening of brain reward circuitry, compulsive seeking of palatable food despite potentially aversive consequences, and relapse to palatable food-seeking in response to anxiogenic-like stimuli. The neurocircuitry identified to date in the dark side of food addiction qualitatively resembles that associated with drug and alcohol dependence. The present review summarizes Bart Hoebels groundbreaking conceptual and empirical contributions to understanding the economic consumption of the dark side in food addiction along with related work of those that have followed him.( Parylak SL1, Koob GF, Zorrilla EP. 2011)So what stands to question, after all this secondary data analysis, is this bonny another way of demonizing fat? Is food addiction a fact or is it fiction an excuse built on monuments of nothingness? Must one really hope for another scientific revelation, to overcome bad eating habits? Though many factors go into the food we intake, how much, how often, and how we will or will not obtain enjoyment from it, there are also non-chemical factors. Such as, keep an open and level head about yourself when searching for a food high, it can mean more than your current weight or health, it can mean your life.

The Bmw Mini Brand Marketing Essay

The Bmw miniskirt Brand Marketing EssayAccording to the book Strategic distinguish man get along withment by Kevin Lane Keller, Identifying and creating shop set is the first off and important stage of the strategic commemorate management process. Positioning effects on a founding benchmark and works toward building a bulletproof marker by helping marketers to design, to implement, to solidify or to sustain stag associations. Aaker ( ) in addition supports the idea that the instigator position can offer clear oversight to a communication program implementation. To establish the position of a discoloration, the concept of it should be clearly defined. Criticism of the literature reveals numerous meanings and clarification of positioning. Sekhar, (1989) states that the concept of positioning developed from research on market segmentation and assing. Kotler (2003, p. 308) defines steel positioning as the act of designing the companys offering and image to occupy a typica l place in the melodic theme of the target market. The end result of positioning is the successful creation of a customer-focused value proposition, a cogent reason why the target market should buy the intersection point. Arnott (1992, 1993) parallels the idea by stating that positioning is, correlated to the rivalry, management attempt to adjust the tangible features and the intangible views of a market sufficient contribution. Furthermore, Kapferer, (2004, p. 99) emphasises on the distinctive characteristics that make a band different from its competitors and alluring to the public. In addition, Sengupta (2005 ) enhances the term of perception that indicate the core of the pock in terms of its operable and emotional benefit in the decision of customer. Also, it is shown as points in perceptual space and think up a mathematical product class.In essence, Keller outlines the idea asshole the concept of check off positioning that involves four aspects target market identificati on, the nature of competitors, the ideal of points of parity, and the points of difference. Identifying target market is crucial part in establish a robust positioning because dissimilar segment may have diverse brand knowledge structure or perceive the same brand in different way vary by own attitudes, beliefs, and experience. The target customer can be classified as descriptive (customer-oriented), which associated to the kind of customer or behavioral (product-oriented), which related to how customers consider of or utilizes the brand or product. The behavioral side is more significant to comprehend brand position due to stronger strategic implication. Decided type of target can, then, implicitly sketches the nature of rivalry because product linees usually target that same segment in terms of category membership. Once the capture competitive frame of reference for positioning has been formed, the correct points of parity (POPs) and points of difference (PODs) are able to make. halt of parity (POPs) are characteristics or benefits that may rough-cut with other brands separated into two forms category and competitive. Category point of parity is a standard association expected by customers to show the credibility of companies. private-enterprise(a) Point of parity are associations designed to abolish rivalry Point of difference. It is used when firms want to break even the area that competitors are attempting to seek an favour and achieve advantages in some other areas. To illustrate, to enter in the fast food industry, there are key elements that help customers to label a brand as a fast food restaurant such(prenominal) as quick service, good taste, and low prices. These are fundamental features and benefits of product category that it belongs to. Point of difference, on the other hand, comprises of strong, favorable and unique associations for a brand based on attribute or benefit association in the mind of customer. It is associations that customers deal that they couldnt find in the competitive brand. It is considered by functional basis, act-related consideration and imagery related criterion, which are competitive strengths and insight about consumers motivations. Reeves and Ted Bates advertising agency (1950) also support the common concept of PODs in terms of unique selling proposition (USP) that promoting use to compel customers to buy product that competitors could not race. For instance, fast-food chain thermionic tube uses the healthier benefit as PODs compared with other quick-serve restaurants that supported by less fat attribute. Nike, for another example, claim of superior performance in athletic shoes.Nowadays, business environment is becoming more intensively competitive. Marketers must certify that their brands constantly amend to hobble s, at the same time as keeping on the true core values (Aaker, 1991 Keller, 1999). There are many reasons that make a firm to reconsider about its brand position which could be environmentally driven, Consumer driven, Competitor driven, and company driven. The environmentally driven can cause by economic issue, political issue, or the green movement. Consumer driven is able to be the swap of consumer needs and lifestyles or the attractiveness of alternative target markets . Moreover, the driven from internal of company usually be a variety show in company system or gaining of new engineering science or other asset that provides the brand a competitive advantage and valuable differentiator. Finally, the essential reason that affects a brand to reposition is the competitor movement. Markets are shredded and full with proposition that rivals try to display their point of different and superior positioning. Then, the brand may be go about by a new stronger positioning. Often, competitive advantages survive for only a short period before competitors attempt to match them, which may harm the brand positioning in terms of building satisfactory distinctio n benefits over their contenders (Clancy and Trout, 2002). Thus, brand should react by using repositioning strategy to change and stay contemporary and fresh in the eyes of customers. Trout and Ries () propose an idea of the repositioning that involve with competition, change, and crisis issues. Firstly, repositioning can repugn the rival by discriminate the brand or product and add value to it. Secondly, since time pass by, brand should update itself and make connection to target customer by using engineering science and communication and multimedia assets. Finally, repositioning can cure the crisis especially the cost issue. Ryan et al ()also gives the meaning of repositioning that is the way to re-adapt brand position the consumers thought to change the way in which a firms product or service is apprehend.Basically, positioning and repositioning are the same they are both process of getting self-will of a place in the thoughts of the target market that is proper, differentiatin g and fascinating. These two activities are , likewise, bases on the Customer Based Brand Equity (CBBE) Model settled by Keller in 1993 which defined as the different effect that consumer knowledge has on the customers response to marketing activity.To clarify, this paper will show the illustration of two repositioned brand of the automobile industry in both successful and fail way. Begin with brand that succeed in repositioning that is mini,The MINI ( superior named mini) is one of the most sanitary known brands in the car industry, and indeed the most prosperous British car in terms of volume sold (Birmingham Mini Owners Club, 2002). It was launched in 1959 by British Motor Corporation. It was originally designed for four people seat, in a small size, practical, easy to park and economical. Also, priced was inexpensively. This reacted to a fuel scarcity, and the increasing invite for proficient urban cars. The Mini Cooper was designed and commercialized as a faster and sporty ve rsion of the Mini that would allow the car to compete successfully in rallying. Moreover, in 1969 the Mini was placed on the film The Italian Job. Due to the combination of the Minis rallying success and celebrity style reputation so it became a necessary fashion accessory. It gained the cultural status that considered as a British icon. The Mini Coopers status was variable between the 1970s and the mid-eighties as the license for the brand was sold to Spanish and Italian companies. In 1994, BMW bought the Rover Group, the owner of the Mini and launched the line in 2000. BMW still used the Mini brand to unite old and new to form explicit and consistence profile, but a bit change in name from Mini to MINI. set up the New MINI had task to preserve the MINI from becoming a fad. Therefore, business strategy of BMW is to position the MINI as a symbol. It target infantile groups of customers that are urbane, stylish, individualistic or characteristically take their own path, value and quality consider, love to drive, and a trendsetter. To meet the target market need, characteristic, and lifestyle, Mini brand came out the repositioning strategy that tried to attract customer in both logical level by the products performance and insurance of quality, and at a sensational level by the value of the brands image or product aesthetics. At the rational level, MINI keeps the perception of a small premium car. It show in practical and brand heritage about being an economy small sport car that have a different and new proficient base. There are three main competitive advantages that support the aspect custom design, modern quality technology, and outstanding safety. Firstly, MINI has an extensive variety of equipment along with paintwork choices, applications on the external and rare materials for the internal that make MINI customizable and can be differentiate. As a result, it offers customers to choose their own style MINI to bring and show their own brand personalit y. Secondly, the quality dimension, it involves body structure setting new standards, the powerful engines, the most progressive suspension technology, which makes driver feel a go-kart experience. Thirdly, the safety system guarantee excellent safety airbag system, which makes the MINI one of the safest and the most reliable cars in its category. At an emotional level, the MINI stressed on the fun facet, play with the slogan fun to drive. Thus, MINI attempted to create brand personality of it as fun loving, outrageous, cheeky, trendy, sporting and attractive.Figure 1 The perceptions of the BMW Mini brand the importance of historical associations and the development of a model Figure from Simms and Trott (2006)The victory of the MINI brand repositioning can be analyzed in many aspects. Firstly it achieved in clearly defined its target market so it could offer the brand attributes or benefits that meet the target needs and, also, was able to compete with the pertinent brands in t he sporty compact cars market such as Honda and Volkswagen. Likewise, MINI did not forget to offer the Category points-of-parity it provided essential and thinkable attributes that a car should have to customers. Additionally, MINI can prove strong superiority on its attribute and benefit and, as well as, consumers can be swayed. MINI brand associations met three criteria that can correctly be good at a point-of-difference desirability, deliverability, and differentiability. First of all, the MINIs target customer was given a persuasive motive to conceptualise by MINIs pose on exclusive design, up-to-date quality technology, excellent safety, plus fun emotion. Accordingly, they can feel the relevance in both performance and emotion. These advantage associations are hard to compete. Also, MINI got benefit from the combination of two legacy advantages British heritage and BMWs German heritage that effected to customer perception. The creator British heritage included construction in England, iconic scheme, fun and sporty sensation. The later German heritage BMWs consisted of the certifying in excellence of production and technology along with the premium car segment. Moreover, the company can really deliver favor attributes and benefits, in the other words, MINI could sent the promise unique feel at an attainable price to its consumers. The product design and its marketing campaign supported the desired associations. Their unique, specific and complete forms of advertising resulted to minis repositioning accomplishment. The customer was underlined that possessing and whimsical a MINI is fun, at the same time, also promoting brand personality and the idea of smaller is divulge. In every touch points, from the billboards to the showrooms, everything is branded that pararell with the set position. Finally, associations of MINI brand are strong in differentiate about history related, product related, and emotional related that can claim distinctiveness and su periority against relevant competitors.Whilst MINI brand repositioning has been very successful, Oldsmobile brand, contrastingly, had left customers confused. The Oldsmobile brand is a case of the failure brand in repositioning. Oldsmobile is one of the brand legends in US car history. It was in the portfolio of General Motors (GM) same as Chevrolet, Pontiac, Buick and Cadillac. It was a pioneer brand that launched the first car with chrome plated trim and front wheel drive. Besides, it was an original of an automatic car called Toronado model. The brand was popular for many decades until there were problems that shake the strength of brand and have to end the production in 2000. The reason cigarette the brand failure can be divided in terms of positioning in three parts.First of all, around 1980s onwards, when GMs technology had undercut edge begin with the Chevrolet engines were substituted ad diesel engines were given as an option, it, afterward, stopped maintaining and emphasi zing the unique selling proposition of Oldsmobile and make the brand to be equal like others. Consequently, Oldsmobile is devalued its positioning in advance automobile in sportiness and innovation .It lost its advantage edge and considered very alike to other brand of GM.Additionally, due to its brand name, there is an effect of the name old to the perception of customer that mislead to be perceived as outdates brand specially among teenage segment. As a result, marketers of Oldsmobile tried to reposition the brand and adjust the brand image with Its Not Your Fathers Oldsmobile slogan and ran advertising to describing the point. Unfortunately, this customers couldnt recognize reasonable about age association and still perceive that Oldsmobile is old-fashioned (Levinson,2005). One Brand Week article, published in February 2001 gave a recommendation to the Oldsmobile that instead of attempt to be younger, it should better accept the exist brand, with its older profile, search for o lder customers insight and give them a communication that fascinated to their needs. It could be possible, as the Oldsmobile had been seen as a trendsetter in its field, even though it had never been a youth brand. Also, the process of this repositioning was rather impulsive operation. The customer perception should proceeding adjust for example, from old brand to adult brand to, eventually, younger brand. Moreover, Oldsmobile had endeavoured to lift its position to be a luxury brand by changing logo and make many product variations to enter European market. However, the principal notion of Oldsmobile was to manufacture a low-priced car for the masses and discounting strategy to sales was still used that against the repositioning aim, thus, consumers were confounded. Again, their memories with the before brand image still ran deep. Ultimately, General Motors shut down its Oldsmobile section.Refer to the case, there are many factors that make Oldsmobile incapable to success in repo sitioning. Begins with the target market, it attempted to target younger consumers and affluent market without finding those customers insight. While there were overwhelm of competitors that pierced in the same target. Thus, introducing trendy new Olds cars were too late. Oldsmobile did not carry on the brands new promise it just created the tag line Its Not Your Fathers Oldsmobile but did not do anything on product or service programs to stress the claim. The product reforms did not meet wishes of new clients. By reason of deficient product development plus inconsistent brand communications, it did not have power enough to change the targets perception that Oldsmobile is a youthful, modern brand. Sharfman(2001) states that this slogan excluded both newer and elder purchasers. The reason that might be it had not do enough through its designs, contemporary images, and marketing mix, especially to the customers who do not have high involvement in the brand. They saw no advantage and no distinction, and no emotive association. In addition, it abandoned their competitive advantages which are a sporty and innovative, based on its heritage. Consequently, the trusted and believable personality of Oldsmobile was destroyed. In addition, to be in the upper market, Oldsmobile did not do well on credibility. Price levels did not represent the new willing position. Also, it was not able to form a unique emotional advantage or identity component of brand equity that is related to its customers. For these reasons Oldsmobile turned people off.In a nut shell, brand positioning is a strategic concept that marketers make a band image to sit in a unique room in the mind of the target market by a customer-focused base value correlated to competitors. Furthermore,There are factors require brand managers to reconsider about their brand position such as altering customer needs, increasing competitive pressures and changing of the company own structure. The BMW MINI case shows an exa mple of how a brand cans success in repositioning. It created effective brand associations that consumers perceive a brand dwell in a favourable, differentiated and credible location in the minds of consumers. Thus, MINI gained trustworthiness of the product position by information given by brand. Although many brands are desired to become resurrected and famous again, often, repositioning brand fail in changing the image in the mind of customer as the mentioned case of Oldsmobile. It underwent from a lack of strong positioning since targeted goal that it did not have ability to despatch the promises or new benefits. Also, elements of marketing mix did not go along with new position such as the product improvement and the price. As a result, marketers should carefully redefine brands target market, stick on their needs and expectations, then, find the right and available place to be in their minds, which unique, certifiable, and satisfactory. Finally, the new position should be com municated properly and consistency.

Rhode Island Nightclub Fire Incident Essay -- essays research papers

The nightclub, is an aged small wood structure in Rhode Island. The club is reported to have a capacity of 182 people. On February 20th 2003, more then 400 fans packed into the small club to see a band. Although there be discrepancies between reports of how many people were in attendance, it is obvious that the number is comfortably over twice the clubs capacity.During the performance, as part of the act, pyrotechnics were deployed. The pyrotechnics were gerbs. Gerbs are cylindrical devices that are designed to make a spray of 15-foot plumes of sparks for 15 seconds. Gerbs are befitting for use indoors, as long as the appropriate precautions are taken. The pyrotechnics ignited a polyurethane (egg crate foam) material that is used for pugilism and product display--but not for sound proofing, as it was used lining the stage. Considering that this foam is not intended for use as a sound treatment in expressions, it was not treated with cease retardants. Due to the size and age of the building (built before 1976), safety regulations said that the nightclub did not have to have a sprinkler system, and it thus did not have one. The fire originating on the stage quickly filled the club with toxic smoke from the burning polyurethane and new(prenominal) building materials. In the shear moment of panic, the people caused a scene of chaotic proportions stampeding towards the only exit they knew--the way they got in. Over 400 people all essay to get out one door at the same time caused a massive pileup trapping the majority of people inside. Just prior to the fire department arriving on scene the super heated gases trapped in the building ignited ca utilise what is called a flashover. Temperatures exceeding 932 to 1112 degrees Fahrenheit inst... ... these pyrotechnics in this situation would have been revealed before the show. Lastly, the enforcement of the capacitythe number of people allowed in club would have dramatically decreased the number of fat alities and injuries in this incident.In conclusion, it is disentangle that situations like this could easily be prevented with a few vitals steps. The first step in the line of prevention is restriction of flammable materials in nightclubs and other buildings, especially in enclosed spaces. Second is the installation of fire prevention systemsfire extinguishers, sprinkler systems and fire alarms with early notification to the local fire authorities. Also, the prevention of using dangerous pyrotechnics in enclosed spaces is imperative. Finally, the need for sufficient exits is vital to the safety of the people in any building, especially a crowed nightclub.

The Theme of Identity in Sonnys Blues Essay example -- Literary Analy

James Baldwins short story laddies Blues highlights the struggle because community involvement and individual identity. Baldwins leading theme - the baring of identity - is nowhere presented more successfully than in the short story Sonnys Blues (Reilly 56). Individuals breeds isolation and even persecution by the collective, dominant community. This conflict is illustrated in cardinal ways. First, the story presents the alienation of Sonny from his brother, the unnamed narrator. Second, Sonnys legal problems suggest that independence can cause the individual to break societys legal conventions. Finally, the text draws heavily from biblical influences. Sonny returns to his family just like the prodigal son, after facing substantial trials and being humiliated. The storys allusion to the parable of the prodigal son reflects Baldwins profound personal interest in Christianity and the bible.First of all, the identity of Sonny is contrasted sharply with his brother, the narrator. The most obvious difference between the two is their names. Sonnys name is prominent and part of the storys theme. Sonnys brother, on the other hand, is neer given a name. Despite being the voice and the perspective of the story, the narrator does not have a distinct identity. He is known solely by his relationship with others, his status as a brother, a son, a husband and a father. The omission of the brothers name by the author is clearly intended. By having no defined identity, the brother stands in as the representative of the black community. The narrator is a responsible family man. His job as a high school mathematics teacher illustrates his interest in helping others through education. His decision to marry suggests that he is respons... ...ny does suffer isolation, persecution and imprisonment. However, he finds redemption in the eyes of his brother without sacrificing his individualism. Sonny manages to use music to bridge the gap, taking a greater responsibility for his re integration into family and community than the prodigal son.Works CitedAlbert, Richard. The Jazz-Blues Motif in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues, College Literature Vol. 11, no(prenominal) 2 (Spring, 1984) 178-185.Booth, Alison, Hunter, J. Paul and Mays, Kelly (eds.). The noton Introduction to Literature, Ninth Edition. New York, NY W.W. Norton & Company, 2005.Reilly, John M. Sonnys Blues James Baldwins Image of black community, Negro American Literature Forum Vol. 4, No. 2 (July, 1970) 55-60.Tackach, James. The biblical foundation of James Baldwins Sonnys Blues, Renascence Vol. 59, No. 2 (2007) 109-117.

Last Of The Mohicans :: essays research papers

Last of The MohicansSummaryCora and her younger sister, Alice, both recent arrivals to the colonies, are being escorted to their father, Colonel Munro, by a troop of British soldiers. on the way they are ambushed by a Huron war party led by Magua, a sinister warrior with a blood vendetta against Munro. Munros soldiers are wiped taboo and Cora herself is nearly killed by Magua but is saved at the last moment by Hawkeye, a white trapper raised by the Mohican tribe. Hawkeye promises to take Cora and her sister safely to their father, and along the way Cora and the intense Hawkeye fall in love. Together they must survive wilderness, war, and the relentless pursuit of Magua.AnalysisThe introductory moments are somewhat confusing, and it takes closely fifteen or twenty minutes to get the characters and situations straight. Madeleine Stowes British accent is of the "now-you-hear-it, now-you-dont" variety, although her performance pretty much makes up for this inconsistency. Final ly, the photography surrounding the waterfall is unconvincing. another(prenominal) than those few things the film was great. From beginning to end, there isnt a weak performance. Finally, theres the story, which, while not all that complex, is of epic nature. At first I wasnt expecting this photo to be good but by the end of the last battle I knew that The Last of the Mohicans is a memorable motion picture adventure, and one of the surmount films Ive ever seen. ComparisonIn the movie, the siege at Fort William Henry is a concentration of a massive French force on an isolated fort of what seems to be no more than 300 people. Also the siege of the fort by Gen. Montcalm was reduced to one night of action and womanize in the film. The great portrayal of traditional siege warfare in the movie serves only as a background for the development of the love amid Cora and Nathaniel.In actuality, the seven day siege had two major fronts the fort which held about 500 men and a camp east to t he fort which held near 2000 men.

Physics of the Acoustic Guitar Essays -- physics guitars

Stringed instruments ar almost likely the oldest persona of musical instruments. The acoustic guitar has been around since the 1500s, and is the most common stringed instrument used today. The guitar is one of the most versatile instruments in existence, be used in virtually every style of music. It can produce a wide range of sounds depending upon the style of the guitar and the type of draw used on it. The two main styles of acoustic guitars ar the nylon-stringed and the steel-stringed. Nylon-stringed guitars ar used mainly for styles such as classical music and flamenco. Steel-stringed guitars are most commonly associated with region and folk music. Before getting into how the guitar works, it will be beneficial to take a look at the different move that make up a guitar. A guitar has three main parts- a body, neck and headstock. There are various styles and designs for acoustic guitars, but no calculate the style, all of them have essentially t he same parts. The body acts as an anchor for the neck and bridge. The top of the body is called the sounding board. It is responsible for almost all of the guitars acoustics, and is what allows the auricula atrii to hear the sound created by playing the guitar. The sounding board generally has a large hole boil down in it called the sound hole. The bridge, which is also placed on the sounding board, is what anchors the strings to the body. The neck is the long, slender part of the guitar connecting the body to the head. the front of the neck is called the fret board. This is where the frets are spaced down the entire neck. The frets are thin bars that are set perpendicular to the strings. The frets make it possible to create a variety of tones by... ... pattern of these resonance waves in order to cut down on interference, thereof creating a richer sound. BibliographyAskill, John. Physics of Musical Sounds. New York D. Van Norstrand Company, 1979.Billing ton, Ian. The Physics of the Acoustic Guitar. 9 Apr. 2003. 211.web. occlude/billington/main.htmGuitar Acoustics. 9 Apr. 2003. Hokin, Sam. The Physics of Everyday mash The Guitar. 9 Apr. 2003. /physics/stuff/guitar.htmlHow Stuff Works How Acoustic Guitars Work. 9 Apr. 2003. com/guitar1.htmPhillips, Mark, and Jon Chappell. Guitar For Dummies. Foster City IDG Books, 1998.Sumits Acoustic Guitar Anatomy. 9 Apr. 2003. anatomy.html Physics of the Acoustic Guitar Essays -- physics guitars Stringed instruments are most likely the oldest type of musical instruments. The acoustic guitar has been around since the 1500s, and is the most common stringed instrument used today. The guitar is one of the most versatile instruments in existence, being used in virtually every style of music. It can produce a wide range of sounds depending upon the style of the guitar and the type of strings used on it. The two main styles of acoustic guitars are the nylon-stringed and the steel-stringed. Nylon-stringed guitars are used mainly for styles such as classical music and flamenco. Steel-stringed guitars are most commonly associated with country and folk music. Before getting into how the guitar works, it will be beneficial to take a look at the different parts that make up a guitar. A guitar has three main parts- a body, neck and headstock. There are various styles and designs for acoustic guitars, but no matter the style, all of them have essentially the same parts. The body acts as an anchor for the neck and bridge. The top of the body is called the sounding board. It is responsible for almost all of the guitars acoustics, and is what allows the ear to hear the sound created by playing the guitar. The sounding board generally has a large hole cut in it called the sound hole. The bridge, which is also located on the sounding board, is what anchors the strings to the body. The neck is the l ong, slender part of the guitar connecting the body to the head. the front of the neck is called the fret board. This is where the frets are spaced down the entire neck. The frets are thin bars that are set perpendicular to the strings. The frets make it possible to create a variety of tones by... ... pattern of these resonance waves in order to cut down on interference, thus creating a richer sound. BibliographyAskill, John. Physics of Musical Sounds. New York D. Van Norstrand Company, 1979.Billington, Ian. The Physics of the Acoustic Guitar. 9 Apr. 2003. 211.web.stuff/billington/main.htmGuitar Acoustics. 9 Apr. 2003. Hokin, Sam. The Physics of Everyday Stuff The Guitar. 9 Apr. 2003. /physics/stuff/guitar.htmlHow Stuff Works How Acoustic Guitars Work. 9 Apr. 2003. com/guitar1.htmPhillips, Mark, and Jon Chappell. Guitar For Dummies. Foster City IDG Books, 1998.Sumits Acoustic Guitar Anatomy. 9 Apr. 2003. anatomy.html

Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide - Who Wants It? :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Euthanasia - Who Wants It? In Los Angeles, former respiratory therapist Efren Saldivar was charged with six counts of murder in January for allegedly well-favored lethal injections to patients at Glendale Adventist Medical stub in 1996 and 1997. Saldivar has reportedly called himself an angel of death and confessed in 1998 to hastening anywhere from 100 to 200 deaths, but later repudiate the confession. He is also the plaintiff in several civil suits for wrongful death, though some of these have been dismissed for lack of evidence. A hearing in his criminal trial is scheduled for the end of March Los Angeles Times, 3/10/01, 1/13/01, 1/11/01. In Springfield, Massachusetts, jury deliberations began February 23 in what has been called one of the most sensational murder cases in western Massachusetts history. Kristen H. Gilbert, a 33-year-old nurse, is accused of killing four patients at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Northampton and trying to kill three others in 1995 and 1996, using unauthorized injections of adrenaline Springfield Union-News, 2/25. Cases of involuntary euthanasia keep making headlines, but who wants it? sure as shooting not the elderly and terminally ill. Numerous studies have established that the Americans most directly affected by the issue of physician-assisted suicide -- those who are frail, elderly and low from terminal illness -- are also more opposed to legalizing the practice than others are * A poll conducted for the Washington Post on March 22-26, 1996, institute 50% support for legalizing physician-assisted suicide (Washington A18) Voters antique 35-44 supported legalization, 57% to 33%. But these figures reversed for voters aged 65 and older, who opposed legalization 54% to 38%. Majority opposition was also institute among those with incomes under $15,000 (54%), and black Americans (70%). * An August 1993 Roper poll funded by the Hemlock Society and other euthanasia supporters indicated that voters aged 18-2 9 supported physician-aided suicide 47% to 35% voters aged 60 and older opposed it 45% to 35%. Hemlocks newsletter commented that the younger the person, the more likely he or she is to favor this legislation. The newsletter added that this is somewhat at odds with how Hemlock views its membership, since it sees itself as defending the interests of elderly citizens. (Humphry Poll 9) A study of cancer patients found that terminally ill patients experiencing significant pain are more opposed to physician-assisted suicide than other terminally ill patients or the general public.